Crystal Magnets for Refrigerator Set of 4, - Crystal Decor Magnetic Stones, Strong Office, Kitchen Fridge Magnet Set, Large Positive Energy Healing Crystals Gift Set (Multi - Unique Crystals)

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Most magnets are composed of atoms whose valence electrons are in d- or f-shells. Atomic shell notation refers to angular momentum, where s has zero unit, p has one, d has two, and f has three. Electrons in d-shells tend to be bound to the ion, and those in f-shells are bound even more tightly. Liu L, Liu Z, Li M, Lee D, Chen RJ, Liu J, Li W, Yan AR. Positive temperature coefficient of coercivity in Sm 1− xDy x(Co 0.695Fe 0.2Cu 0.08Zr 0.025) 7.2 magnets with spin-reorientation-transition cell boundary phases. Appl Phys Lett. 2015;106(5):052408. Katter M, Weber J, Assmus W, Schrey P, Rodewald W. A new model for the coercivity mechanism of Sm 2(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr) 17 magnets. IEEE Trans Magn. 1996;32(5):4815. Wang GJ, Lei Z, Jiang CB. Magnetic domain structure and temperature dependence of coercivity in Sm(Co balFe 0.1Cu 0.1Zr 0.033) z ( z = 6.8, 7.4) magnets. J Magn Magn Mater. 2013;343:173. Zhang CY, Liu Z, Wang GQ, Yan GH, Chen RJ, Lee D, Yan AR. Effect of residual hydrogen on microstructure and magnetic properties of Sm(Co 0.647Fe 0.28Cu 0.053Zr 0.02) 7.84 magnets. J Alloy Compd. 2019;795:513.

Hund’s first rule is due to a phenomenon called electron exchange. As discussed above, a fundamental rule of quantum mechanics, the Pauli exclusion principle, states that no two electrons with the same direction of spin can occupy the same point in space at the same time. Electrons have charge and repel one another. If two electrons come close together, a large amount of repulsive energy is produced. Physical systems prefer the state of lowest energy, and so electrons avoid such close approach. When their spins are parallel, electrons avoid each other because of the Pauli principle. Electrons in the same shell thus prefer to have their spins parallel, since this configuration keeps the electrons apart and thereby reduces the amount of repulsive energy. The concept of electron exchange is the basis of magnetism. It explains why ions such as iron have large magnetic moments. In divalent iron (Fe 2+) the six d-electrons are arranged to achieve maximum electron spin and magnetic moment. Liu S, Potts G, Doyle G, Yang J, Kuhl GE. Effect of Z value on high temperature performance of Sm(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr) z with z = 6.5–7.3. In: IEEE INTERMAG 2000 313. Xiong XY, Ohkubo T, Koyama T, Ohashi K, Tawara Y, Hono K. The microstructure of sintered Sm(Co 0.72Fe 0.20Cu 0.055Zr 0.025) 7.5 permanent magnet studied by atom probe. Acta Mater. 2004;52(3):737.Duerrschnabel M, Yi M, Uestuener K, Liesegang M, Katter M, Kleebe HJ, Molina-Luna L. Atomic structure and domain wall pinning in samarium-cobalt-based permanent magnets. Nat Commun. 2017;8(1):54.

Bulyk II, Burkhovetskyy VV. Variation in microstructure of ground SmCo 5 alloy during disproportionation in hydrogen and recombination. Powder Metall Met Ceram. 2016;54(9–10):614. Goll D, Kronmüller H, Stadelmaier HH. Micromagnetism and the microstructure of high-temperature permanent magnets. J Appl Phys. 2004;96(11):6534. Zhang TL, Liu HY, Liu JH, Jiang CB. 2:17-type SmCo quasi-single-crystal high temperature magnets. Appl Phys Lett. 2015;106(16):162403.Zhang TL, Zhang B, Wang H, Jiang CB, Zhang ZH, Wang XQ, Zhang W. Low remanence temperature coefficient Sm 1− xEr x(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr) z magnets operating up to 400 °C. Rare Met. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-019-01223-4. Fingers RT, Rubertus CS. Application of high temperature magnetic materials. IEEE Trans Magn. 2000;36(5):3373. Guo ZH, Pan W, Li W. Sm(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr) z sintered magnets with a maximum operating temperature of 500 °C. J Magn Magn Mater. 2006;303(2):e396.

Liu JF, Zhang Y, Dimitrov D, Hadjipanayis GC. Microstructure and high temperature magnetic properties of Sm(Co, Cu, Fe, Zr) z ( z = 6.7–9.1) permanent magnets. J Appl Phys. 1999;85(5):2800. Chen CH, Walmer MS, Walmer MH, Liu S, Kuhl E, Simon G. Sm 2(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr) 17 magnets for use at temperature ≥ 400 °C. J Appl Phys. 1998;83(11):6706. Liu JF, Ding Y, Zhang Y, Dimitar D, Zhang F, Hadjipanayis GC. New rare-earth permanent magnets with an intrinsic coercivity of 10 kOe at 500 °C. J Appl Phys. 1999;85(8):5660.Horiuchi Y, Hagiwara M, Endo M, Sanada N, Sakurada S. Influence of intermediate-heat treatment on the structure and magnetic properties of iron-rich Sm(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr) z sintered magnets. J Appl Phys. 2015;117(17):17C704. Liu L, Liu Z, Zhang X, Zhang CY, Li TY, Lee D, Yan AR. 2:17 type SmCo magnets with low temperature coefficients of remanence and coercivity. J Magn Magn Mater. 2019;473:376. Tang W, Zhang Y, Hadjipanayis GC. Effect of Zr on the microstructure and magnetic properties of Sm(Co balFe 0.1Cu 0.088Zr x) 8.5 magnets. J Appl Phys. 2000;87(1):399. Zhu MG, Sun W, Feng HB, Li Y, Fang YK, Zhou D, Li W. Effects of Sm content on thermal stability of Sm 2Co 17 sintered magnets. J Korean Phys Soc. 2013;63(3):784. If an iron bar is heated to a temperature above T c, the bar is no longer magnetic. If the bar is then cooled to a temperature below T c, the grains become magnetic, but they orient their moments in random directions, so the bar as a whole is not magnetic. A bar can be demagnetized by heating the bar and then cooling it. By inserting it in a large magnetic field, the bar can be remagnetized.