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Sports". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021 . Retrieved 20 April 2021.

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In the mid-19th century, various traditional football games, referred to collectively as caid, remained popular in Ireland, especially in County Kerry. One observer, Father W. Ferris, described two main forms of caid during this period: the "field game" in which the object was to put the ball through arch-like goals, formed from the boughs of two trees; and the epic "cross-country game" which took up most of the daylight hours of a Sunday on which it was played, and was won by one team taking the ball across a parish boundary. "Wrestling", "holding" opposing players, and carrying the ball were all allowed. The Māori in New Zealand played a game called Ki-o-rahi consisting of teams of seven players play on a circular field divided into zones, and score points by touching the 'pou' (boundary markers) and hitting a central 'tupu' or target. [ citation needed] The governing body is the "Fédération de soccer du Québec" ". Federation-soccer.qc.ca. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012 . Retrieved 16 April 2012.Everything you need to know about Calcio Storico, Italy's most violent tradition". The Local Italy. 22 June 2017. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021 . Retrieved 7 November 2019. Allaway, Roger (2001). "Were the Oneidas playing soccer or not?". The USA Soccer History Archives. Dave Litterer. Archived from the original on 15 July 2007 . Retrieved 15 May 2007.

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Magee, Jonathan; Caudwell, Jayne; Liston, Kate; Scraton, Sheila, eds. (2007). Women, Football and Europe: Histories, Equity and Experience. International Football Institute Series. Vol.1. Meyer & Meyer Sport. ISBN 978-1-84126-225-3. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023 . Retrieved 23 July 2018. Volata – a game resembling association football and European handball, devised by Italian fascist leader, Augusto Turati, in the 1920s. Magoun, Francis Peabody (1938). History of football from the beginnings to 1871. Published by H. Pöppinghaus The first direct reference to scoring a goal is in John Day's play The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green (performed circa 1600; published 1659): "I'll play a gole at camp-ball" (an extremely violent variety of football, which was popular in East Anglia). Similarly in a poem in 1613, Michael Drayton refers to "when the Ball to throw, and drive it to the Gole, in squadrons forth they goe". Although similar to football and volleyball in some aspects, Sepak takraw has ancient origins and cannot be considered a hybrid game.Universal football – a hybrid of Australian rules and rugby league, trialled in Sydney in 1933. [158] Most of the action in a football game takes place between the goal lines. White lines run across this part of the field every 5 yards (4.6 meters). These lines help to show how far a team has moved the football. Two sets of short lines, called hash marks, cross these lines. Officials use the hash marks to place the ball on the field after play is stopped.

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John Hope, Accounts and papers of the football club kept by John Hope, WS, and some Hope Correspondence 1787–1886 (National Archives of Scotland, GD253/183)The first game of American football is widely cited as a game played on 6 November 1869, between two college teams, Rutgers and Princeton. But the game was played under rules based on the association football rules of the time. During the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby code. Modern North American football grew out of a match between McGill University of Montreal and Harvard University in 1874. During the game, the two teams alternated between the rugby-based rules used by McGill and the Boston Game rules used by Harvard. [116] [117] [118] Within a few years, Harvard had both adopted McGill's rules and persuaded other U.S. university teams to do the same. On 23 November 1876, representatives from Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Columbia met at the Massasoit Convention in Springfield, Massachusetts, agreeing to adopt most of the Rugby Football Union rules, with some variations. [119]