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Reflective Road Line Car Park Marking Paint (2.5 Litre, White)

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Mori K, Gehlbach PL, Sano A, Deguchi T, Yoneya S. Comparison of epiretinal membranes of differing pathogenesis using optical coherence tomography. Retina. 2004;24:57–62. In the third lane, you may see amber coloured reflective studs. These show the line that shouldn’t be crossed into the central reservation. Uji A, Murakami T, Unoki N, Ogino K, Nishijima K, Yoshitake S, et al. Parallelism as a novel marker for structural integrity of retinal layers in optical coherence tomographic images in eyes with epiretinal membrane. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014;157:227–36. In addition to EIFL, frequency of cystoid macular changes, ellipsoid disruption, and the cotton ball sign significantly increased from stage 1 through stage 4 in the study by Govetto et al. [ 22]. Similarly, in our study, the rate of cystoid changes, cotton ball sign, and disruption of the ellipsoid zone increased with increasing stage of ERM. However, whereas neither the presence of cystoid changes nor the cotton ball sign had a significant effect on BCVA, disruption of the ellipsoid zone was associated with significantly higher BCVA values in logMAR. On the other hand, none of these SD-OCT findings were found to be an independent predictor of visual acuity in a multivariate linear regression model. In eyes with ERM, disruption of the ellipsoid zone has been reported to be negatively correlated with visual outcomes in multiple studies [ 14, 31]. However, in our study, we did not find a correlation between disruption of the ellipsoid zone and visual acuity, probably due to the small number of patients with ellipsoid zone disruption. If you're looking for a resource to help you teach about lines of symmetry, then why not try this Investigating Lines of Symmetry Worksheet KS2? When do children begin to learn symmetry?

Kauffmann Y, Ramel JC, Lefebvre A, Isaico R, De Lazzer A, Bonnabel A, et al. Preoperative prognostic factors and predictive score in patients operated on for combined cataract and idiopathic epiretinal membrane. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015;160:185–92. For an art activity using mirrors, children might also get a lot out of this Frida Kahlo Inspired Self-Portrait Activity. Following her accident, Frida’s scope of vision was limited from where she lay in bed, so she requested a mirror be placed on the ceiling over her. This way, she could see herself and draw and paint lots of self-portraits. Okamoto F, Sugiura Y, Okamoto Y, Hiraoka T, Oshika T. Time course of changes in aniseikonia and foveal microstructure after vitrectomy for epiretinal membrane. Ophthalmology. 2014;121:2255–60.Watanabe K, Tsunoda K, Mizuno Y, Akiyama K, Noda T. Outer retinal morphology and visual function in patients with idiopathic epiretinal membrane. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013;131:172–7.

This was a prospective cross-sectional study in which 242 consecutive eyes of 121 patients (mean age: 69.7 ± 7.3 years, male to female ratio: 62:59) with unilateral idiopathic ERM were evaluated in a single institution between December 2016 and December 2017. The exclusion criteria were secondary ERM (due to diabetic retinopathy, venous occlusion, retinal tear, retinal detachment, uveitis, trauma); eyes with pseudoholes, lamellar holes, or opaque media; glaucoma; history of intraocular surgery (except uncomplicated cataract surgery); uncontrolled diabetes or hypertension; coexisting age-related macular degeneration; nicotine abuse; and refractive errors above −2 and +2 diopters. Continuous EIFL was defined on OCT as the presence of a continuous hypo- or hyper-reflective band, extending from the inner nuclear layer and inner plexiform layer across the foveal region, as described before by Govetto et al. [ 22]. Disruption of the inner segment ellipsoid zone was defined as a discontinuous ellipsoid band in the foveal region, and the presence of the cotton ball sign was defined as a round or diffuse hyper-reflective area between the ellipsoid zone and the cone outer segment tip line at the central fovea, as described by Tsunoda et al. [ 23]. The microcystoid retinal changes were described as the presence of multiple, small hypo-reflective roundish-elliptical cystoid spaces in retinal layers. You Q, Xu L, Jonas JB. Prevalence and associations of epiretinal membranes in adult Chinese: the Beijing eye study. Eye. 2008;22:874–9. When children enter Year 4 and Year 5, they will begin to identify multiple lines of symmetry in 2D shapes. Pupils will understand that some shapes have more than one line of symmetry. Pupils in Year 4 will also be asked to draw these patterns.Much like the red studs, these are in place to help drivers know where the lines between the third lane and the central reservation are in low light and difficult weather conditions. White Miguel AI, Legris A. Prognostic factors of epiretinal membranes: a systematic review. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2017;40:61–79. In summary, by the end of key stage two, it's expected that children are able to understand and do the following things, in line with the National Curriculum guidance:

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